Part II Texts about Garifuna language and linguistics and the Garifuna bilingual intercultural ed programs

Guide to Garífuna Language Materials--Part II

Prepared by Wendy Griffin

 

Part II -- Texts about the Garifuna language

The types of texts written about the Garifuna language include A. Dictionaries, B. Books How to Write Garifuna and the Controversy of the Garifuna Alphabet, C. Books about Garifuna Grammar D. Books on Historical Linguistics Issues Related to the Garifuna language E. Books (Cartillas) to teach Reading and Writing of Garifuna to Garifuna children and the Honduran Bilingual Intercultural Education Program for Garifuna children. F. Materials about the Honduran Bilingual Intercultural Education Project for Garífunas

Part II –Written texts about the Garifuna language

A. Dictionaries

Cayetano, Roy E. (1993) The People’s Garifuna Dictionary-Dimureiagei Garifuna. Roy Cayetano is a Belizean Garifuna who lives in Belize and is active with the National Garifuna Council of Belize. He originally trained as a school teacher. His works can be found in WorldCat searching Garifuna language Belize or under his name. This is an English-Garifuna, Garifuna-English dictionary.  Was $49.97 on www.garinet.com currently out of stock.

Reyes, Ruben (2012) Garüdia: Garifuna Trilingual Dictionary (Garifuna-English-Spanish) This is a large dictionary over 300 pages with just the vocabulary listed in the three languages. Ruben Reyes is also the co-director, co-writer, co-producer, and main star of the Garifuna in Peril movie and his dictionary was presented at the World Premier of the movie during London’s Latin American Film Festival in 2012.  This dictionary represents 20 years of work. According to WorldCat no university in the US holds this dictionary yet. Ruben Reyes is from Triunfo de la Cruz Honduras and thus his dictionary may reflect dialectical differences from Salvador Suazo’s dictionaries, who is from Cusuna, Iriona, Honduras. The dialect of Garifuna from Iriona can be significantly different from that of the area east of Trujillo.   Available for sale on the website of Garifuna in Peril www.garifunainperil.com, in Garistore.com and on Amazon.com.

Flores, Ben (2013) Garüdia: Garifuna Visual Dictionary of Animals and Fruits.  Available on the website of Garifuna in Peril www.garifunainperil.com This is a good companion to be able to compare Jeanette Allsopp’s Spanish French French Creole and English Creole dictionaries of plants, animals, foods, and ceremonies in the Caribbean published by Arawak Press to similar Garifuna vocabulary.

Suazo, Salvador  (2009) Lali Garifuna Garifuna Chamagu (Garifuna-Garifuna and Garifuna Spanish dictionary) A huge dictionary of over 400 pages.  There are Garifuna words, Garifuna description, a sentence in Garifuna using the word without translation, and the Spanish translation of the word.  Salvador Suazo is a Honduran Garifuna from Cusuna, Iriona, and the dictionary was validated in Cusuna. According to early agreements in the Honduran bilingual intercultural education program, the “standard” dialect for written materials is the Trujillo dialect and not the Iriona dialect which gives some problems as the main body of fluent Garifuna speakers live in Iriona, while there are very few children aged speakers of the dialect spoken in Trujillo and to the East. This Salvador Suazo dictionary  is for sale on www.libreroonline.com in the Honduras section.

Salvador Suazo did an earlier (2002) Garifuna-Spanish, Spanish-Garifuna Dictionary Diccionario Escolar Garifuna-Español Español- Garifuna which was distributed to schools in Honduras where the bilingual intercultural education project for Garifunas was active. This dictionary is listed under Salvador Suazo’s name in WorldCat along with his other books.

The Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL)/Wycliff Bible Translator team in La Ceiba have also written a trilingual Garifuna-Spanish-English dictionary.  Most of the SIL produced materials in the Garifuna language are listed at http://dc-9629-1146087009.us-east-i-elb.amazon.com/resources/publications/search/language/cab  I did not see the trilingual Garifuna dictionary listed here. The SIL linguist who helped the Garifunas write these materials including heading the 10 year Garifuna Bible translation is Roger (Rogelio) Reeck who lives in La Ceiba, Honduras. His email is on the Internet roger_reeck@sil.org Generally his assistants have spoken the Iriona dialect of Garifuna. The Garifuna Bible now uses the same Garifuna orthography which was adopted by the Honduran and Belizean bilingual intercultural education projects. The previous versions of the New Testament and the Book of John in the Garifuna language used a different SIL developed orthography.

There are older word lists of Garifuna in US libraries that are generally unknown to Hondurans.

Dictionary of the Karib language, Honduras by Alexander Henderson 1872  Carib and Tarascan language studies reel No. B54, No. 2

Dictionary of Karif language as spoken in the Bay of Honduras, Belize, 1872.

Caribe by Alexander Henderson, C. Hermann Berendt, and Daniel Garison Brinton.  Brinton was the first US professionally trained anthropologist.

Vocabularios de lenguas de Honduras y de la parte septentrional de Nicaragua by C. Hermann Berendt, and Daniel G.Brinton (1873-1875) Includes Garifuna (Caribe), Lenca, Jicaque, Matagalpa (Chontal), Ulva, Tawahka, y Miskito.

Eduard Conzemius also wrote Notes on the Karif Honduras in the early 1930’s, and he usually included lists of vocabulary in his works too.  I had read that the Honduran government’s Ministry of Culture recently republished this study in a Spanish version.

B. Books and Websites on How to Write Garifuna and the Controversy of the Garifuna Alphabet

Suazo, Salvador  Conversemos en Garifuna. Tegucigalpa: Editorial Guaymuras.  This book is available free in its enterity on the Internet at the website LeaHonduras which is about Honduran authors and encourages Hondurans to read Honduran authors.  The beginning part of this book explains the sounds in Garifuna and how they are written.  The book used the Garifuna alphabet developed in Belize by professors at St. Johns College and used by Roy Cayetano in his dictionary of Garifuna. This book was written prior to Salvador Suazo’s and Roy Cayetano’s work as consultants to the Honduran bilingual intercultural education project, which included meetings to try to develop one single orthography for the 4 Central American countries where Garifunas live.

Suazo, Salvador  La Escritura Garifuna. Currently out of stock in www.garistore.com

Martinez Cayetano, Mateo Normas de Escritura de la Lengua Garifuna—sistematización.  Mateo Martinez a Honduran Garifuna was for a number of years the National Coordinator of PRONEEAH (Programa Nacional de Educación para las Etnias Autoctonas y AfroAntillanas de Honduras) which was in charge of the Bilingual Intercultural Education for all the Ethnic Groups. 

Asociación Misionera Garifuna Walangate This book was developed in Honduras by the Garifunas working with SIL Linguist Roger Reeck to teach how to read and write Garifuna as a prelude to being able to read the Bible in Garifuna. Although developed for adults who spoke Garifuna, in the Socorro Sorrel School in Barrio Cristales, Trujillo it is used to supplement the official Garifuna textbooks to teach children to write developed by PRONEEAH. 

Another book by Asociación Misionera Garifuna is Wani Le (2004) by Kety Martinez, Lucila Martinez, et. al. This is a pedagogical book and is recommended by Dr. Daniel Kaufman. Although I have been told that this Garifuna language project gave seminars on how to read Garifuna and produced materials in fact the materials do not seem to be widely distributed or known in Honduras, and generally the official national Garifuna bilingual intercultural education program in Honduras did not have copies of the SIL produced materials.

SIL linguist Roger Reeck consulted with the national Garifuna bilingual intercultural education program for one year, but it was such a bad experience that he said he did not want to know anything more of the project. He was also instrumental in helping to develop the first literacy cartilla or book in Miskito for bilingual intercultural education in that language. He currently consults for literacy programs in Guinea Bisseau and among the Arawak speakers of Northern South America, but is still based in La Ceiba, Honduras where his wife is from.

Don Justo A Study of Reading and Writing of Garifuna Garifuna-English-Spanish.  $26.97 for sale on www.garinet.com  Don Justo also has a History of how the Writing of Garifuna was developed for sale on www.garistore.com

Griffin, Wendy (2005) “Anexo Uno: Como leer los Nombres en Garifuna de este libro” in Griffin, Wendy and Comite de Emergencia Garifuna de Honduras (2005) Los Garifunas de Honduras: Cultura, Lucha y Derechos bajo el Convenio 169 de la OIT”.  This article summarizes the conflicts in Garifuna orthography between the Garifuna alphabet developed in Belize and how Honduran Spanish speaking Garifunas feel the language should be written.  These conflicts had earlier been published in two Honduras This Week Online articles which linked to Stanford’s Honduras Teacher’s Corner website, but Honduras This Week has gone out of business and is no longer online. .(“Honduras Teacher’s Corner—http://www.stanford.edu/group/arts/honduras/links/).

Griffin, Wendy (2013) Political Aspects of the Development of the Garifuna and Pech Alphabets. Paper presented at the Second Congress of Central American Linguists (ACALING) in Tegucigalpa, August 2013.  On www.crisisderechoshumanoshonduras2015.blogspot.com divided into various parts. Unhappiness with the orthography is only one of the reasons why the Garifuna elementary school teachers generally do not use the Garifuna language books developed by the Honduran Ministry of Education through PRONEEAH. The complaints of the Garifuna teachers are similar to the complaints of the Pech teachers in the evaluation of their materials for bilingual intercultural education which will soon be up on the website and which was part of this paper.

There is an article by Roy Cayetano on the Controversy of the Garifuna alphabet (the St. John’s College version and the older SIL developed alphabet) in Tomas Alberto Avila’s excellent book (2009) Black Carib-Garifuna available through Amazon.com Tomas Alberto Avila is a Garifuna living in Providence, Rhode Island, author of several other books related to Garifunas and to Latinos in Rhode Island, and twin brother of Fransisco Avila formerly the Executive Director of Garifuna Coalition in New York City.  The book is a compilation mostly of writings of leading Belizean Garifuna intellectuals, but there are also some St. Vincent writings and a Master’s thesis on Garifuna dances and music in the music. Roy Cayetano has a second article in this book on the meaning of punta songs, including some special Garifuna vocabulary related to being sad after the death of loved ones, found principally in punta songs. Also interesting is a Joseph Palacios, a Garifuna anthropologist who teaches for UWI Belize, article about words that Garifunas used to describe their families and which anthropologists had thought referred to divisions in the Garifuna society, but the Garífunas themselves did not really  know what the words really referred to. It turns out they refer to villages of origin on the Island of Saint Vincent, and these place names still exist in Saint Vincent.

Alfabeto Caribe by Summer Institute of Linguistics

Ruben Reyes’s trilingual dictionary also begins with an introduction to sounds of Garifuna and how he writes them in his dictionary.

Garifuna liburu (Caribe cartilla) SIL Guatemala, 1956.

Douglas MacRae Taylor  Phonemes of the Hopkins (British Honduras) dialect of Island Carib.  Douglas MacRae Taylor is famous for his groundbreaking ethnography of the Black Caribs or Garifunas of Belize called “The Black Carib of British Honduras” (1951) and is the person who identified the Garifuna language as principally Island Arawak, in books listed below in the section of Historical linguistics.  The books of Douglas MacRae Taylor can be found under his name in WorldCat.

 

C. Books about Garifuna Grammar

Suazo, Salvador Conversemos en Garifuna. Available free on the Internet at LeaHonduras.

Suazo, Salvador La Normativa linguistica Garifuna.

Suazo, Salvador, Gramática Escolar Garifuna.  This was the Grammar book sent by the Honduran Ministry of Education to the Elementary Schools where bilingual intercultural education in Garifuna was being taught. Both are listed under Salvador Suazo in WorldCat.

Ruben Reyes’s Trilingual Garifuna Dictionary also includes in the introduction the complete conjugation of a Garifuna verb, “to see”, and includes the names of the tenses in Garifuna.

Howland, Lillian G. (1984) Spirit Communication at the Carib dugu.  Language and Anthropology.

US Linguists Currently Working on Garifuna Grammar

Dr. Daniel Kaufman, Endangered Language Alliance of New York City, has a material on Garifuna Verbs.  He works particularly with James Lowell a Belizean Garifuna. The person who teaches the class in the Garífuna language is ​Milton Guity who teaches Garifuna classes in NYC and it is through Casa Yurumein, a local Garifuna organization

James Lovell runs music workshops for children and teaches them Garifuna through song. ​ELA has supported his work in NYC and Belize, as well as in St Vincent through Trish St. Hill's YUGACURE/Yarumein  program. James and Dr. Daniel Kaufmann  are now working on an annotated collection of arumahani and abaimahani recordings we began collecting this past summer in Belize and NYC, supported by a grant from the ELDP at SOAS. This should be finished by mid-2015.

Dr. Pam Munro, UCLA Linguistics Dept. Los Angeles, she has written a text to teach Garifuna to non-speakers of Garifuna and uses it in her Garifuna class at UCLA,  She works particularly with Garifunas from Seine Bight, Belize, in Los Angeles and in Seine Bight

Pamela Munro, 1997. "The Garifuna Gender System", in The Life of Language: Papers in Honor of William Bright, ed. Jane H. Hill, P. J. Mistry, and Lyle Campbell, pp. 443-61. The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter.

Pamela Munro, 2007. "Oblique Subjects in Garifuna." Linguistische Berichte 14: 113-41  (special issue: Endangered Languages; Peter Austin and Andrew Simpson, eds.)

 Pamela Munro and Caitlin E. Gallagher, 2014. "Garifuna Negatives." In L. Michael and T. Granadillo, eds., Negation in Arawak Languages, pp. 13-53. Leiden / Boston: Brill.

Pamela Munro and Maurice Lopez, with Anita Lambey-Martinez, Martha Clayton, and Jena Barchas-Lichtenstein, Adímureha waman Garífuna (Let's Speak Garifuna). UCLA Academic Publishing (currently three revisions). Used in Linguistics 114, Fall 2012, Fall 2013, Fall 2014. [this is the book  mentioned as being used in Garifuna classes at UCLA].

Dr. Genevieve J. Escure, English Department University of Minnesota.  She is comparing grammar differences between the Garifuna language of Belize and that of Punta Gorda, Roatan, Honduras, and working on an active grammar book. 

Costa Rica linguist working on a Garifuna Grammar book Dr. Juan Diego Quesada, University of Costa Rica.

Older Garifuna grammars generally not known in Honduras

Howland, Lillian G. (1988) Comunicación con los espiritus en un dugu Garifuna (Caribe) Serie grammatical, SIL.

Howland, Lillian (1971) Carib, SIL Guatemala

Ilah, Fleming (1966) Carib, SIL Guatemala

Douglas MacRae Taylor Island-Carib morphology III Locators and Particles

Douglas MacRae Taylor (1977) Languages of the West Indies

Chapter on Garifuna by SIL Linguists working in Guatemala in Lenguas de Guatemala, Marvin K. Moyers (ed.)  See also www.caribbeanlanguage.org for a list of SIL publications about Garifuna.

Grammar of the Karif language as spoken in the Bay of Honduras, Belize, 1872, by Alexander Henderson, C. Herman Berrendt, and Daniel Garrison Brinton, 1872.  If you look up Garifuna language Honduras in WorldCat these older books come up

D. Books on Historical Linguistics Issues Related to the Garifuna language

Suazo, Salvador Conversemos en Garifuna.  This has a list of words in Garifuna men’s speech which are from Carib and words in Garifuna’s women speech that are from Arawak.  Garifuna men and women seldom sing together in part because their versions of certain words in Garifuna are different. This book also states that Garifuna is primarily Island Arawak, probably quoting Douglas MacRae Taylor’s work. He also says there are only 6 words known in Garifuna to be from African languages.  This might be for lack of information about African languages, looking only at languages of West Africa, when Bantu languages and religion and food seem to have a lot of influence among the Garifunas, and not looking at examples of “frozen” language found in Garifuna religious songs and traditional stories which contain words  modern Garifunas often can not understand.

Salvador Suazo also did a book with co-authors comparing XVII century Carib language with the Garifuna language. It is listed under his name in WorldCat.

Douglas MacRae Taylor (1977) Languages of the West Indies  This is probably the book that identifies Garifuna as principally a version of Island Arawak.

Douglas MacRae Taylor Diachronic note on the Carib contribution to Island Carib.

Douglas MacRae Taylor Languages and Ghost languages of the West Indies. This are listed under Douglas MacRae Taylor’s name in Worldcat.

A Critical and Cultural Analysis of an African People in the Americas: Africanisms in the Garifuna Culture of Belize. Doctoral thesis by Dorothy Lawrence Franzone for Temple University. Available through PROQUEST.com  She quotes a Yoruba priest who studied the Garífunas that a number of the terms and other elements of the Garifuna religious ceremonies reflect a West African origin, including seem to be of an older origin than the ceremonies done in West Africa today.

Griffin, Wendy and CEGAH (2005) Los Garifunas de Honduras: Cultura, Lucha, y Derechos bajo el Convenio 169 de la OIT.  This book traces some of the African and Arawak and Carib elements of Garifuna culture, including finding African origins, principally Bantu, for some names of foods and crafts in the Garifuna language. The book includes the song of Yau mi Yau Miguelei of which the whole song which is a chorus in a story may still be in an African language, probably of Bantu language family, as it is not understandable in Garifuna and is in a story about killing a baby gorilla for its skin to make a bag and the mother gorilla is chasing the children singing the song. BBC recently did a story on an Afro-Cuban woman who was able to return to the Sierre Leone community which was where a song sung by her father was from. She was able to sing the song, a male secret society initiation song, and the community sang the response.  So other people are looking for these types of connections and finding them. The man who song it was in Cuba was excited, because he said, “Before I did not know where I was from, but now I know. I am from Sierre Leone. Now I know where my roots are.”

An example of  “frozen” African language use in Garifuna stories from this books is the story of why the crab has a hard shell, a story also told by the Ga people outside of Accra, Ghana. The main character in the story is called Antidua by the Garífunas. A Ghanan priest studying at Dusquense University told me the name is actually Auntie Duwa which is Aunt or Auntie in English and Duwa which means Wood in Ga.  This character has all the firewood in the world, so it makes sense she would be called Auntie Wood.   West African stories often have choruses in them, and so do Garifuna stories. This story like some other Garifuna stories has its chorus in English (You know me, It wasn’t me.) even when told by people who do not speak English and may reflect the use of English in storytelling in Ghana at the time these Africans were taken away and later formed part of the Garífunas in the Caribbean.

Griffin, Wendy (2013a) Possible Bantu Influence in Garifuna Culture. On the website

www.healthandhonduranindiansblacks.blogspot.com of Wendy Griffin. Also includes the Yau Mi Yau Miguelei song.

Griffin, Wendy (2013b)  Buscando Panes: Los Orígenes Africanos de las Comidas Afro-Hondureñas. There is a copy in the Vine Deloria Jr. Library of the NMAI, Smithsonian.  Eventually this article will be on the www.crisisderechoshumanoshonduras2015.blogspot.com website, but it is not there yet.  This article connects Garifuna, Miskito, Black Bay Islander, and Ladino foods to similar African foods, which are known by a number of different names in different African languages.  While the exact of origin of Garifuna names for African vegetables like nehu for okra or foods like hudutu for mashed plantains, or yams, there are so many African languages which have words for these foods, like 100 languages in Nigeria alone where they eat mashed yams called fufu in Yoruba,  that it is probably just a case that we have not found the right language yet.

 Some examples of African language origin words among Black Bay Islanders for food include Pap (Afrikans for corn meal porridge) and Konkantee (a porridge of dried banana flour in the Bay Islands and a porridge of  flour made from pounding dried cassava roots in Ghana). The banana recipe is probably the older version of the recipe as cassava (yuca) was introduced to Africa after the discovery of the Americas. This banana flour porridge is known by different names in Garifuna in different communities including pluplumaña in Trujillo.

 

E. Books (Cartillas) to teach Reading and Writing of Garifuna to Garifuna children and the Honduran Bilingual Intercultural Education Program for Garifuna children.

The Honduran bilingual intercultural education program has produced at least 3 cartillas or books for learning Garifuna in first grade.

One version, supervised by Mateo Martinez of PRONEEAH, was written, illustrated, and printed, and was never delivered to Garifuna schools.  Flooding of the Honduran Ministry of Education building during Hurricane Mitch in 1998 may have destroyed both the paper copies and the computers with  the digital copies. The Choluteca River which runs directly behind the Ministry of Education building in Tegucigalpa flooded to the level of three story buildings and the Ministry of Education was only two stories tall.

A second version was developed by Garifunas in the Supervisión Departamental de Atlantida and printed with funds from USAID,but originally was only given to Garifuna schools in Atlántida. Later the Garifuna Emergency Committee (CEGAH) reproduced copies with private funds, which were delivered to Garifuna schools in Colon, Honduras, but most schools with the exception of the Socorro Sorrel School in Cristales, Trujillo did not use these books which were issued to them.

A third version was developed by the Garifunas of PRONEEAH working under Dr. Ruth Moya a Ecuadoran educator and Ronny Castillo, a Garifuna from Iriona. Books for Grades 1-6 only in Garifuna were completed and also teacher manuals were completed to accompany them as well as a National Intercultural Education Curriculum Guide grades 1-6 and books on Spanish as a second language, grades 1-3. These books were printed and delivered to Garifuna schools with funds from the World Bank, but most Garifuna teachers in 2013 reported not using them for a number of reasons.

At the same time as the Socorro Sorrel School requested funds to make copies of Walagate, and the Garifuna cartilla produced by the Supervisión Departamental de Atlántida, they also asked for funds to reproduce a Mathematics book in Garifuna which I believe was developed by the Sociedad Misionera Garifuna, the same people who produced Walagate.  They did receive the funds and so at least at that school there is a book to teach beginning mathematics in Garifuna. Counting in Maya Chorti was also one of the first books the Honduran Maya Chorti developed separately from the national bilingual intercultural education program.  Dr. Lazaro Flores, an anthropologist of the UPN in Honduras produced a study on how ethnic groups taught mathematics in their traditional education. This book is in WorldCat under his name. 

Garifuna liburu Caribe cartilla SIL 1956

F. Materials about the Honduran Bilingual Intercultural Education Project for Garífunas

Griffin, Wendy and CEGAH (2005) Los Garifunas de Honduras: Cultura, Lucha, y Derechos bajo el Convenio 169 de la OIT.  ILO Convention 169 which Honduras ratified in 1995 guarantees certain rights to bilingual intercultural education which are summarized here.  Also what has been done so far is included and ideas are given for ways Garifuna culture could be included in Garifuna bilingual intercultural education, which has up until now mostly not incorporated the intercultural part of education. The complete Spanish text of ILO Convention 169 is available online on the ILO (OIT) website and also it can be bought in book form published in Honduras from Libros Centroamericanos. 

Besides most Spanish speaking countries on the mainland of Latin America adopting ILO convention 169, in the Caribbean only Dominica adopted ILO Convention 169 for the distant relatives of the Garifunas, the Karibs of Dominica. The Belizean and New York Garifunas in particular have been active in trying to reintroduce Garifuna in St. Vincent and Belizean Garifunas joined with the Belizean Mayas, the Karibs of the Caribbean, and the Indians of Guyana to form an organization of Indigenous People of the Caribbean, so that Garifuna led activism has spilled over into Human Rights legislation in favor of the Karibs of Dominica, who have lost their language as have those of St. Vincent, and who, like the Garifunas, are Black Karibs. 

See also Wendy Griffin’s Spanish language website www.crisisderechoshumanoshonduras2015.blogspot.com for more information on the bilingual intercultural education programs in Honduras, including methodology, laws that establish bilingual intercultural education, history of the fight for bilingual intercultural education, some of the results of the struggles of the ethnic groups in Honduras for social, linguistic, and land rights, materials developed for other ethnic groups, and setbacks under the current Honduran administration of President Juan Orlando Hernandez.

Two thesises have been written about the Garifuna bilingual intercultural education program in Honduras,  Xiomara Cacho’s Master’s thesis in Honduras and the doctoral thesis of Dr. Santiago Ruiz who got a Doctorate in Anthropology from the University of Florida.  He is currently president of UNAH-Tela in Honduras, the first Black university president in Honduras. Both Xiomara Cacho and the wife of Santiago Ruiz, Sandra Green, have  been Garifuna representatives to PRONEEAH.

“Preservation strategies of the Garifuna language in the context of global economy in the village of Corozal in Honduras” by Santiago Jaime Ruiz Alvarez, University of Florida doctoral dissertation. Available from PROQUEST.com

Garifunas in Guatemala received bilingual intercultural education the same time as the Mayas of Guatemala as a result of the Peace Accords which ended the Guatemalan Civil War. Ruben Reyes translated the Guatemalan National Anthem into Garifuna and it can be heard on the Garifuna Coalition of New York’s website, as can the Honduran national anthem in Garifuna which he also translated and is song in Honduran Garifuna schools. No materials developed for the Guatemalan Garifuna bilingual intercultural education project seemed to have appeared in US libraries.

 Dr. Judith Maxwell of Tulane University, advisor to the Guatemalan Garifuna program, developed a material in Spanish on how to teach indigenous languages as second languages while a Fulbright scholar at a  Guatemalan University.  They did not publish it, they have not returned all the files that she gave them to be able to print it, and her hard drive crashed.  She does have a short document on the Enseñanza de Segunda Idiomas for which she used Maya Cachiquel as the example. Wendy Griffin has a copy. Dr. Maxwell has had amazing results with her method in her FLAS funded summer classes on Maya-Cachiquel in Antigua, Guatemala for which she uses Mayas who speak Cachiquel as the teachers and the Maya Cachiquel teachers said they had good results with the method even teaching Guatemalan Ladinos who must learn the languages of their Mayan neighbors under the Peace Accords, but who come to class not interested in learning the language.

The Garifunas in Belize would like bilingual intercultural education, but looking at the website of the National Garifuna Council of Belize do not seem to have been able to get it approved yet.

The Garifunas of Nicaragua have lost their ability to speak Garifuna, but attempts have been made to reintroduce it using Honduran and Belizean Garifunas usually through Uracan University in Bluefields, Nicaragua. The visit of Andy Palacios to the Nicaraguan Garifunas during the Sandista Literacy Campaign in Indian Languages and seeing the language and the crafts and the drumming and the dancing gone, is what inspired him to fight for the survival of these in Belize. Interviews with Andy Palacios, who suddenly died in 2008 after winning the World Music Expo in 2007 in Great Britain, about his personal fight to save the Garifuna language and culture are on the Internet in print and on Youtube. Wendy Griffin was also in Nicaragua during the Literacy Campaign in Miskito and Sumu languages under the Sandinistas and this was part of what piqued her interest in studying education in indigenous languages and including indigenous cultures when she returned to graduate school.